保护地常用农药对蜡蚧轮枝菌菌丝生长影响研究

6种杀虫剂和 6种杀菌剂对昆虫病原真菌蜡蚧轮枝菌菌丝生长影响的研究结果表明 ,杀虫剂对蜡蚧轮枝菌菌丝生长有程度不同的抑制作用。在田间常规使用浓度下 ,5种杀虫剂对菌丝生长的抑制率在 10 %以上 ,最高者为甲氰菊酯达 17.6%。田间常规使用浓度稀释 10倍下 ,杀虫剂万灵、快灭净和锐劲特对菌丝生长抑制率低于 5% ,锐劲特在3.3～33.3mg/L时 ,菌丝生长与对照无显著差异 ,表现出与蜡蚧轮枝菌有极好的相容性 ,是菌药混用较好的候选杀虫剂。杀菌剂对蜡蚧轮枝菌菌丝生长有强烈的抑制作用 ,浓度愈高 ,抑制程度愈强。因此 ,在利用蜡蚧轮枝菌防治保护地蔬菜害虫时 ,须与杀菌剂使用保持一定的间隔期     

Long-term impacts of an organophosphate-based regime of pesticides on field and field-edge Collembola communities

During a 6-year study, effects of two contrasting regimes of pesticide use on pitfall and suction catches of Collembola were monitored in an arable field under a rotation of grass and winter wheat. Current farm practice (CFP) represented conventional fungicide and herbicide use plus applications of organophosphorus (OP) insecticides, whereas reduced input approach (RIA) utilised minimum inputs of fungicides and herbicides and excluded any use of insecticides. Compared with RIA, the CFP regime caused a substantial decline in the abundance and diversity of Collembola in the field, including the local disappearance of one species, without recovery during the study. At the field edge, which was protected during OP applications by a 6-m unsprayed buffer zone, effects of the CFP regime were less severe, and were not persistent in the long term. Some Collembola species occurred only in field-edge samples. Pitfall and suction sampling yielded remarkably similar patterns of catches, indicating that pitfall trapping may be appropriate for detecting long-term changes in collembolan abundance caused by intensive agricultural management practices.     

草坪常用化学药剂对昆虫病原线虫存活和侵染率的影响

测定了草坪上常用的14种化学药剂对蝼蛄斯氏线、长尾斯氏线虫X-7品系和小卷蛾斯氏线虫All品系存活和侵染率的影响。杀虫剂乙酰甲胺磷在高浓度和推荐浓度下对蝼蛄斯氏线虫、长尾斯氏线虫和小卷蛾斯氏线虫的致死率分别为21％和9．5％，13％和5．5％，5．5％和2％；敌百虫在高浓度和推荐浓度下对蝼蛄斯氏线虫的致死率分别高达94．5％和92．5％，在高浓度下对长尾斯氏线虫的致死率为8％，对小卷蛾斯氏线虫没有明显致死作用；克蛾宝对3种线虫的致死作用均比乙酰甲胺磷和敌百虫低。杀菌剂对3种线虫的存活均无影响。除草剂2，4-D丁酯对3种线虫低浓度和高浓度下致死率分别为2％、6％、3．5％和5％、85．5％、6％。经化学药剂处理24h后的线虫侵染黄粉虫9-11龄幼虫，对线虫存活没有影响或者影响较小的化学药剂对线虫的侵染率都没有明显的影响，但剂型为10％可湿性粉剂的吡虫啉对长尾斯氏线虫，以及高浓度的2，4-D丁酯对小卷蛾斯氏线虫的侵染率有明显抑制作用。     

多杀菌素等新杀虫剂对粘虫的杀虫活性

浸叶法证明，多杀菌素(spinosad)、乙酰氨基阿维菌素和虫螨腈比阿维菌素对粘虫表现出更高的杀虫活性。其杀虫活性分别比阿维菌素高5倍、8倍和3．7倍。     

Factors Influencing Aerial Insecticide Application to Forests

A successful aerial insecticide application is one that provides the desired degree of pest control at an economic cost, with little environmental impact. This paper discusses a broad range of factors that affect treatment efficacy and environmental impact from aerial insecticide application to forests. Efficacy is affected by parameters such as the choice of active ingredient and its application rate, the volume application rate, tank mix characteristics, the spray droplet size spectrum, and the timing of, and meteorological conditions during an application. Environmental impact is influenced by aspects such as active ingredient specificity, meteorological conditions during the application, avionics use and buffer zone width. Key differences between insecticide applications in forestry and agriculture are pointed out.     

不同性别家蝇对药剂的敏感性比较

在室内用点滴法测定了杀虫剂高效氯氟氰菊酯、甲基嘧啶磷、虫螨腈和灭多威对家蝇雌雄成虫的毒力，并对毒力进行了比较。结果表明，高效氯氟氰菊酯、甲基嘧啶磷、虫螨腈和灭多威对雄性家蝇的毒力分别是雌性家蝇毒力的4．63、2．41、3．11、1．73倍。     

Synergism and stability of acetamiprid resistance in a laboratory colony of Plutella xylostella

The involvement of metabolic enzymes in the resistance of a laboratory colony of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L), to the neonicotinoid insecticide acetamiprid was determined with the synergists piperonyl butoxide (PBO), which suppresses the activity of cytochrome P-450 monooxygenases, and S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF), an inhibitor of esterases, using the leaf-dipping method. Both PBO and DEF enhanced the insecticidal activity of acetamiprid significantly in the resistant P. xylostella strain but not in a reference strain, suggesting that cytochrome P-450 monooxygenases and esterases play an important role in the resistance of P. xylostella to acetamiprid. The resistant P. xylostella strain was also reared without further exposure to acetamiprid to determine the stability of resistance. Maintaining the resistant strain for seven generations in the absence of selection pressure resulted in a drop in resistance ratio from 110 to 2.42, indicating that acetamiprid resistance in P. xylostella is not stable.     

七星瓢虫不同虫态对杀虫剂反应的研究初报

室内条件下对七星瓢虫(Coccinella septempunctata)卵、幼虫、蛹和成虫的触杀毒力测定结果表明,不同发育阶段的七星瓢虫对抗蚜威、伏杀磷和久效磷的反应一致;与对照药剂久效磷相比:①抗蚜威、伏杀磷处理七星瓢虫卵120小时的相对毒力指数分别为0.0483和0.3187;②抗蚜威和伏杀磷对七星瓢虫四龄幼虫24小时的相对毒力指数分别为0.1088和0.4056;③抗蚜威和伏杀磷处理蛹216小时的相对毒力指教分别为0.0540和0.5990;④抗蚜威和伏杀磷对瓢虫成虫24小时的相对毒力指数分别为0.1406和0.0623。可见,与常规使用的杀虫剂久效磷相比,抗蚜威和伏杀磷对七星瓢虫的各种虫态均具有高度选择性。     

Monitoring insecticide resistance in house flies (Diptera: Muscidae) from New York dairies

House flies were collected from dairies across New York state and the levels of resistance to seven insecticides were measured using standard laboratory assays with three to five diagnostic concentrations. The highest levels of resistance were found for tetrachlorvinphos, permethrin and cyfluthrin. Although levels of resistance to methomyl were somewhat lower, they were among the highest ever reported for field‐collected house flies. Resistance to pyrethrins was limited primarily to the lowest diagnostic concentration. House flies were susceptible to fipronil at all dairies, suggesting that this material would be highly effective for fly control. The levels of resistance were similar at all the dairies, irrespective of their insecticide use, suggesting substantial movement of flies between facilities. Relative to resistance levels found at New York dairies in 1987, resistance levels had increased for permethrin, were unchanged for tetrachlorvinphos and had decreased for dimethoate. To identify a single diagnostic concentration that could be used in the laboratory assays to assess accurately resistance levels in future studies, we carried out a ‘simulated’ field bioassay using formulated materials. A diagnostic concentration for each insecticide is proposed on the basis of a comparison of our bioassays. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry